{"id":2186,"date":"2026-09-16T08:40:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:40:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/?p=2186"},"modified":"2026-09-16T08:40:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:40:28","slug":"communes-and-workers-control-in-venezuela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/?p=2186","title":{"rendered":"Communes and Workers\u2019 Control in Venezuela"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dario Azzellini, <em>Communes and Workers\u2019 Control in Venezuela: Building 21st Century Socialism from Below<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Ned Sublette, Leiden\/Boston: Brill, 2017, 315 s. ISBN: 978-90-04-30011-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dario Azzellini\u2019nin <em>Communes and Workers\u2019 Control in Venezuela<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Venezuela\u2019daki Bolivarc\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecini <strong>kom\u00fcnal \u00f6zy\u00f6netim, i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/strong> ekseninde inceler. Kitab\u0131n merkezinde, devlet kurumlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yukar\u0131dan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm giri\u015fimleri ile i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, topluluklar\u0131n ve toplumsal hareketlerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki bulunur. Azzellini bu ili\u015fkiyi \u201ciki kanall\u0131 in\u015fa\u201d (<em>two-track construction<\/em>) olarak kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r: devlet a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan geli\u015fen yeni \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler i\u00e7in hukuki alan ve maddi kaynak sa\u011flayabilirken, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131 b\u00fcrokratikle\u015ftirebilir, s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rabilir veya engelleyebilir. Bu nedenle kurucu g\u00fc\u00e7 ile kurulu g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki uyumdan ziyade <strong>i\u015fbirli\u011fi, gerilim ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Venezuela\u2019da geli\u015fen <strong>kom\u00fcnal konseyleri ve kom\u00fcnleri yerel \u00f6zy\u00f6netimin yeni bi\u00e7imleri<\/strong> olarak ele al\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131lar, temsil\u00ee kurumlar\u0131n yerine do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, kolektif karar alma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ve topluluklar\u0131n kendi ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmesini geli\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lar. Azzellini buradan \u201ckom\u00fcnal devlet\u201d ve \u201ckom\u00fcnal ekonomi\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ge\u00e7erek, toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca mevcut devletin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi veya geni\u015fletilmesiyle de\u011fil, devletin i\u015flevlerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen halk iktidar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan giderek \u00fcstlenilmesiyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilece\u011fini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bununla birlikte kom\u00fcnlerin devletin idari uzant\u0131lar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ve b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fmesi ihtimalini de s\u00fcrecin temel \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kitab\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131, <strong>i\u015f\u00e7ilerce geri kazan\u0131lan i\u015fletmeleri, kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i konseylerini ve fabrikalarda geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6zy\u00f6netim deneyimlerini<\/strong> inceleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerdir. Azzellini \u00f6zellikle kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ile i\u015f\u00e7i denetiminin ayn\u0131 \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir: \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin devlet m\u00fclkiyetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin veya i\u015fyerindeki hiyerar\u015finin kendili\u011finden ortadan kalkmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Inveval ve Alcasa gibi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nan \u00f6rneklerde temel m\u00fccadele, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yaln\u0131zca m\u00fclkiyette pay sahibi olmas\u0131 veya y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, <strong>\u00fcretim ve i\u015fletme \u00fczerindeki karar iktidar\u0131n\u0131 kolektif olarak ele ge\u00e7irmesidir.<\/strong> Inveval\u2019de genel i\u015f\u00e7i meclisinin en y\u00fcksek karar organ\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fclerin meclis ad\u0131na karar vermek yerine onun kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 ve geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Azzellini ayn\u0131 zamanda <strong>kooperatif m\u00fclkiyetinin kendili\u011finden i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6zy\u00f6netimi yaratmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> vurgular. Venezuela\u2019da devlet deste\u011fiyle on binlerce kooperatif kurulmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen alternatif \u00fcretim ve dola\u015f\u0131m a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n yeterince geli\u015ftirilememesi, finansman sorunlar\u0131 ve kooperatiflerin kendi i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkileri bunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kapitalist piyasa ili\u015fkilerine yeniden eklemlenmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Benzer bi\u00e7imde i\u015f\u00e7ileri yaln\u0131zca az\u0131nl\u0131k hissedarlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ortak y\u00f6netim modelleri de ger\u00e7ek karar yetkisini i\u015f\u00e7ilere aktarmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap bu deneyimlerden hareketle m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7iminden \u00e7ok <strong>\u00fcretimin kim taraf\u0131ndan, hangi karar mekanizmalar\u0131yla ve hangi toplumsal ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda denetlendi\u011fini<\/strong> temel sorun haline getirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6zy\u00f6netimini fabrika s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakmamas\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>\u0130\u015f\u00e7i konseyleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00fcretimin demokratik denetimi ile kom\u00fcnler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla toplumsal ve b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6zy\u00f6netimi birbirine ba\u011flayan<\/strong> Azzellini, \u00fcretimin yaln\u0131zca bir i\u015fletmenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00e7evresindeki topluluklar\u0131 da ilgilendirdi\u011fini savunur. Bu do\u011frultuda kitapta \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cdo\u011frudan toplumsal m\u00fclkiyet\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletmelerin i\u015f\u00e7iler ile kom\u00fcnal konseyler ve kom\u00fcnler i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f topluluklar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmesini hedefler. B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi tek tek \u00f6zy\u00f6netimli i\u015fletmelerin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek daha geni\u015f bir dayan\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnal ekonominin in\u015fas\u0131 sorununa ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Communes and Workers\u2019 Control in Venezuela<\/em>, Venezuela deneyimini tamamlanm\u0131\u015f veya \u00e7eli\u015fkisiz bir \u00f6zy\u00f6netim modeli olarak sunmaz. <strong>\u0130\u015f\u00e7i denetimi ile b\u00fcrokratik y\u00f6netim, yatay \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ile devlet hiyerar\u015fisi, kurucu g\u00fc\u00e7 ile kurulu g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleyi<\/strong> d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinin asli unsuru olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i meclisleri, i\u015f\u00e7i konseyleri ve kom\u00fcnlerde geli\u015fen do\u011frudan demokratik pratiklerin yaln\u0131zca yeni y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imleri de\u011fil, kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n kendilerini ve toplumsal ili\u015fkilerini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren s\u00fcre\u00e7ler oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Bu bak\u0131mdan kitap, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6zy\u00f6netimini m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imine indirgemeden <strong>\u00fcretim \u00fczerindeki kolektif demokratik denetim ile daha geni\u015f toplumsal \u00f6zy\u00f6netim aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi<\/strong> tart\u0131\u015fan \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biridir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dario Azzellini, Communes and Workers\u2019 Control in Venezuela: Building 21st Century Socialism from Below, \u00e7ev. Ned Sublette, Leiden\/Boston: Brill, 2017, 315 s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2187,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[72,70,68,80],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dayanisma-ekonomisi","category-empresas-recuperadas","category-isci-denetimi","category-kaynaklar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2186"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2188,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2186\/revisions\/2188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2186"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}