{"id":2173,"date":"2026-09-16T08:18:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:18:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/?p=2173"},"modified":"2026-09-16T08:18:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:18:54","slug":"the-occupation-of-the-factories-italy-1920","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/?p=2173","title":{"rendered":"The Occupation of the Factories: Italy 1920"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paolo Spriano, <em>The Occupation of the Factories: Italy 1920<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. M. Elliott, London: Pluto Press, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Occupation of the Factories: Italy 1920<\/em>, \u0130talya&#8217;daki <strong>Biennio Rosso&#8217;nun (1919\u20131920) doruk noktalar\u0131ndan biri olan Eyl\u00fcl 1920 fabrika i\u015fgallerini<\/strong> ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde inceleyen klasik bir tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Paolo Spriano, metal i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00fccret ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerine ba\u015flayan m\u00fccadelesinin i\u015fverenlerin lokavt giri\u015fimleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda fabrikalar\u0131n kitlesel bi\u00e7imde i\u015fgal edilmesine nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; i\u015fgallerin Torino ve Milano&#8217;dan \u00fclkenin \u00e7ok say\u0131da sanayi merkezine yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00fcz binlerce i\u015f\u00e7iyi i\u00e7ine alan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumsal harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6n\u00fc, <strong>fabrika i\u015fgallerini yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretimin durduruldu\u011fu bir protesto bi\u00e7imi olarak de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretimi kendi denetimleri alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 bir deneyim olarak incelemesidir.<\/strong> \u0130\u015fgal edilen fabrikalarda giri\u015flerin korunmas\u0131, malzeme ve tedarikin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, i\u015f\u00e7i komisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve \u00fcretimin devam ettirilmesi gibi g\u00f6revler i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilir. \u00d6zellikle Torino&#8217;daki FIAT fabrikalar\u0131nda fabrika konseyleri ve i\u00e7 komisyonlar \u00fcretimin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde merkezi bir rol oynar; b\u00f6ylece i\u015fgal, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin fabrikay\u0131 fiilen y\u00f6netme kapasitesinin s\u0131nand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcrece d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spriano, bu deneyimi sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda geli\u015fen <strong>fabrika konseyleri hareketi ve Antonio Gramsci ile <em>L&#8217;Ordine Nuovo<\/em> \u00e7evresinin i\u015f\u00e7i iktidar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla<\/strong> birlikte ele al\u0131r. Fabrika konseylerinin geleneksel sendikal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeden nas\u0131l ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, FIOM ve CGL gibi sendikal \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin konsey hareketine kar\u015f\u0131 tutumlar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin do\u011frudan i\u015fyeri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ile sendikal yap\u0131lar\u0131n otoritesi aras\u0131ndaki gerilim kitab\u0131n temel sorunlar\u0131ndan biridir. B\u00f6ylece 1920 i\u015fgalleri, yaln\u0131zca i\u015fverenlerle i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi i\u00e7inde <strong>sendikal temsil, do\u011frudan i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi ve i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netiminin farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imleri aras\u0131ndaki bir m\u00fccadele<\/strong> olarak da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kitap ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015fgal edilen fabrikalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan fiil\u00ee i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netiminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 inceler. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fcretimi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilseler de <strong>hammadde, finansman, ula\u015f\u0131m, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve fabrikalar aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik koordinasyon sorunlar\u0131<\/strong>, tek tek i\u015fletmelerde kurulan i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netiminin daha geni\u015f ekonomik ve siyasal yap\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Gramsci ve <em>L&#8217;Ordine Nuovo<\/em> \u00e7evresi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu nedenle fabrikalar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmesi, ancak hareket fabrikalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015farak daha geni\u015f bir siyasal ve toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle birle\u015fti\u011finde kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelebilecek bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spriano&#8217;nun analizinin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ekseni <strong>Giovanni Giolitti h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u201cm\u00fcdahale etmeme\u201d politikas\u0131 ve i\u015fgallerin nas\u0131l sona erdi\u011fidir.<\/strong> H\u00fck\u00fcmet, y\u00fczlerce i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f fabrikay\u0131 asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7le bo\u015faltman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini de\u011ferlendirerek do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sendikalarla i\u015fverenler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fczakereye b\u0131rak\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta fabrika i\u015fgalleri sona ererken i\u015f\u00e7i denetiminin belirli bi\u00e7imlerde kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelir; b\u00f6ylece hareketin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiil\u00ee i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netimi ile daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f <strong>\u201cworkers&#8217; control\u201d (i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi)<\/strong> aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ayr\u0131m belirginle\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Occupation of the Factories<\/em>, bu nedenle <strong>fabrika i\u015fgali, fabrika konseyleri, i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi ve i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6zy\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri tarihsel bir deneyim \u00fczerinden anlamak i\u00e7in temel kaynaklardan biridir.<\/strong> Spriano, 1920 hareketini ne ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir devrimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ne de yaln\u0131zca ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015f bir sendikal m\u00fccadele olarak ele al\u0131r; i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin i\u00e7indeki siyasal ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, devletin stratejisini ve i\u015fverenlerin tutumunu birlikte inceleyerek d\u00f6nemin ger\u00e7ekten bir \u201cka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f devrimci f\u0131rsat\u201d olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgular. Kitab\u0131n devlet, sendika ve i\u015fveren belgelerini de i\u00e7eren kapsaml\u0131 ekleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 1920 \u0130talya fabrika i\u015fgallerinin hem tarihini hem de <strong>i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretim \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan denetim kurma giri\u015fiminin olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> inceleyen \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fvuru kayna\u011f\u0131 haline getirir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paolo Spriano, The Occupation of the Factories: Italy 1920, \u00e7ev. A. M. Elliott, London: Pluto Press, 1975.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[68,80],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-isci-denetimi","category-kaynaklar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2173"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2175,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2173\/revisions\/2175"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscidenetimi.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}